A league of their own, too: motivational and age of onset comparisons between American male and female AAS users

Background Non-medical anabolic-androgenic steroid (NMAAS) use among athletes and risk-taking adolescents has monopolized media attention in recent years. Conversely, our large-scale study of almost 2000 American male NMAAS users revealed that the majority of adult were non-athletes who initiated use as adults and were not motivated by athletics. Notably, a small proportion of the sample that completed our Internet-based survey was females and it would be informative to describe differences in age of onset and motivations between male and female users.